Diseases & Conditions

Obesity is a complex disease characterised by excessive body fat that can impair health, with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher in adults. It increases the risk of serious health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. The fundamental cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and expended, often resulting from a combination of dietary habits, sedentary lifestyles, and genetic factors.

Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterised by softening and weakening of bones due to impaired bone mineralisation. It primarily affects adults and is often caused by inadequate levels of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Common symptoms include bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is a progressive condition that can be classified into different stages based on the severity of bone loss. Various types of osteoporosis exist, including primary, secondary, osteogenesis imperfecta, and idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, each with distinct causes and characteristics. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent fractures and maintain quality of life.

Oesophageal cancer is a malignant tumour that develops in the inner lining of the oesophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. It can cause difficulty swallowing, weight loss, and chest pain. Treatment options depend on the stage and type of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Ocular hypertension (OHT) is a condition characterised by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye, typically above 21 mmHg. It occurs without any signs of glaucomatous nerve damage or visual field loss. It is often considered a risk factor for developing glaucoma, a condition that can cause irreversible vision loss if left untreated. The management of OHT involves regular monitoring and treatment with eye drops or medications. In high-risk cases, more aggressive treatment such as surgery or laser therapy is needed.

Oligomenorrhea is a menstrual disorder characterised by infrequent periods, typically occurring in women of reproductive age. While some variation in menstrual cycles is normal, a woman who consistently experiences menstrual cycles longer than 35 days or has fewer than six to eight periods per year may be diagnosed with oligomenorrhea. This condition may be caused by hormonal imbalances, excessive exercise, stress, or underlying health conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Proper evaluation and treatment can help regulate the menstrual cycle and address any underlying causes.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that causes the breakdown of cartilage and other tissues within a joint, leading to pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is the most common type of arthritis and typically affects older individuals, with symptoms including joint pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. While there is no cure for osteoarthritis, treatment options such as exercise, weight management, and medications can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Oedema is a medical condition characterised by the accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues, leading to swelling. It can affect various parts of the body and may result from factors such as increased pressure in blood vessels or damage to the lymphatic system. Oedema can cause discomfort, reduced mobility, and, in some cases, more severe complications.