Musculoskeletal

Gout, a form of inflammatory arthritis, occurs when uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints, causing severe pain, swelling, and redness. It is a chronic condition that can cause recurrent episodes of acute joint pain and, if left untreated, may result in permanent joint damage. Gout is often managed through lifestyle changes, medications, and, in some cases, surgery.

Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterised by softening and weakening of bones due to impaired bone mineralisation. It primarily affects adults and is often caused by inadequate levels of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Common symptoms include bone pain, fragility fractures, proximal muscle weakness, and difficulty walking.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is a progressive condition that can be assessed using bone mineral density (BMD) measurements based on WHO T-score criteria, rather than ‘stages.’Various types of osteoporosis exist, including primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis. Osteogenesis imperfecta and idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis are distinct conditions that can cause low bone density and should not be classified as types of osteoporosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent fractures and maintain quality of life.

Muscle cramps (muscle spasms) are sudden, involuntary, painful contractions of skeletal muscle (not smooth muscle). They are usually episodic and affect voluntary (skeletal) muscles, most commonly the calves, thighs, feet, and hands. Abdominal “cramps” related to bowel spasms are usually due to smooth-muscle activity (visceral) and should be described separately (Bordoni et al., 2023)