Interstitial nephritis is a kidney condition characterised by inflammation of the renal interstitium, the tissue and space around the renal tubules. This inflammation can impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, leading to various symptoms and complications. Interstitial nephritis can be acute or chronic and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent kidney damage.
Last updated on : 21 Jun, 2025
Read time : 10 mins
Interstitial nephritis, also known as tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a significant kidney condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While not as well-known as other kidney diseases, such as kidney stones or chronic kidney disease, interstitial nephritis can have serious consequences if left untreated. In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for interstitial nephritis, providing you with the information needed to understand and manage this condition effectively.
Interstitial nephritis is a type of kidney inflammation that specifically targets the interstitium, which is the tissue surrounding the tiny tubules within the kidneys. These tubules are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and regulating the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. When the interstitium becomes inflamed, it can disrupt the normal function of the kidney tubules, leading to various symptoms and complications.
Category | Details |
Also Referred as | Tubulointerstitial nephritis |
Commonly Occurs In | Adults, children |
Affected Organ | Kidneys (renal interstitium, tubules) |
Type | Acute, chronic |
Common Signs | Changes in urine output, fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, appetite changes, breathing problems, flank pain, painful urination, high blood pressure (less common in early stages) |
Consulting Specialist | Nephrologist, urologist |
Treatement Procedures | Stopping agents that induce interstitial nephritis, corticosteroids, dialysis, kidney transplantation |
Managed By | Corticosteroids |
Mimiciking Condition | Pyelonephritis, other kidney diseases, systemic inflammatory conditions (sarcoidosis) |
Interstitial nephritis can be classified into two types:
Acute interstitial nephritis: This form develops suddenly and is often caused by an allergic reaction to a medication, such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or proton pump inhibitors.
Chronic interstitial nephritis: This form develops gradually over months or years and is usually associated with long-term exposure to certain toxins, infections, or underlying health conditions like autoimmune disorders.
The severity of interstitial nephritis can vary from mild to severe, depending on the extent of inflammation and damage to the kidney tubules.
The symptoms of interstitial nephritis can vary and may develop suddenly or gradually. Some key symptoms to be aware of include:
Reduced urine output: You may notice a decrease in the amount of urine you produce, which can be a sign of acute kidney failure.
Increased urine output: In some cases, you may produce excessive urine, especially at night (nocturia), and experience frequent urination.
Nausea and vomiting: These are common symptoms that often occur along with a decrease in appetite.
Fever and rash: A fever and rash can indicate an allergic reaction causing the interstitial nephritis.
Itchiness: You may experience itchiness, particularly in chronic cases, which may be associated with symptoms of kidney failure.
Fatigue and confusion: Due to the buildup of waste products in your blood, you may feel tired and confused.
High blood pressure: Kidney damage from interstitial nephritis can lead to high blood pressure.
Breathing difficulties: In severe cases, fluid buildup can cause respiratory issues.
Interstitial nephritis can be triggered by various factors that provoke an immune response or an allergic reaction. The primary causes include:
Medications: Different medications can potentially induce interstitial nephritis. Common culprits include antibiotics like methicillin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors used for acid reflux, and certain cancer immunotherapies called immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Infections: Bacterial infections such as E. coli, viral infections like HIV and herpes, sexually transmitted infections like syphilis, parasitic infestations, and fungal infections can all lead to interstitial nephritis by triggering inflammation in the kidneys.
Autoimmune disorders: Conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's tissues, such as sarcoidosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and lupus, are associated with an increased risk of developing interstitial nephritis.
Environmental factors: Exposure to certain toxins or receiving radiation therapy can damage the kidneys and cause inflammation, characteristic of interstitial nephritis.
Chronic conditions: Chronic underlying conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, can cause chronic interstitial nephritis over time.
Various factors can increase an individual's risk of developing interstitial nephritis. These include:
Exposure to certain medications: Medicines like antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, proton pump inhibitors, and diuretics are common culprits in medication-induced acute interstitial nephritis. People taking these medications for prolonged periods or at high doses are at higher risk.
Having an autoimmune disorder: Conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and IgG4-related disease can lead to chronic interstitial nephritis as part of their disease process.
Experiencing infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can trigger interstitial nephritis, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Exposure to toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as heavy metals like lead and cadmium, can damage the kidneys and cause interstitial nephritis.
Having a family history: Some genetic conditions, such as Alport syndrome and Fabry disease, can lead to progressive interstitial nephritis.
Older age: The risk of developing interstitial nephritis increases with age, possibly due to age-related changes in kidney function and increased medication use.
Diagnosing interstitial nephritis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Here is a closer look at the diagnostic approach:
A detailed medical history is taken to identify potential causes of interstitial nephritis, including medication use and exposure to toxins. The doctor will also perform a physical examination to look for signs of kidney disease, such as swelling, rash, or changes in blood pressure.
Imaging tests may be recommended to visualise your kidneys and rule out other potential causes of your symptoms:
The treatment approach for interstitial nephritis, whether acute or chronic, depends mainly on the underlying cause, the severity of the condition, and whether kidney function is compromised. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate intervention are crucial for preserving kidney function and preventing the progression to chronic kidney disease.
In cases of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), which is the most common cause, immediate withdrawal of the offending medication is the first and most crucial step. Stopping medications like NSAIDs, PPIs, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, or diuretics helps reverse drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis by removing the trigger causing kidney inflammation.
Common causative agents include:
When kidney function does not improve after discontinuation of the causative agent, or in immune-mediated or idiopathic cases, glucocorticoids are commonly used.
In steroid-resistant or severe cases (especially with autoimmune causes such as Sjögren’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, lupus nephritis, or TINU syndrome), immunosuppressants may be used:
Managing complications and preserving kidney function is crucial:
Indicated in cases with:
In patients progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to chronic interstitial nephritis, kidney transplant may be considered as a definitive treatment. Management of the underlying disease is still necessary post-transplant.
If you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing symptoms of interstitial nephritis, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Symptoms that warrant immediate medical evaluation include:
Decreased or increased urine output
Fever
Rash
Blood in the urine
Nausea and vomiting
Swelling and weight gain due to fluid retention
Mental status changes, such as drowsiness or confusion
If you are taking medications and notice any of these symptoms, it is essential to inform your doctor immediately. Early recognition and discontinuation of the offending medication are critical for preventing long-term kidney damage. If you have already been diagnosed with interstitial nephritis and experience new or worsening symptoms, such as a decrease in urine output or increased alertness issues, it is important to seek medical advice without delay.
Early recognition and intervention are critical in preventing permanent kidney damage and ensuring the best possible outcome.
Your doctor will conduct a thorough medical history and physical examination and may order laboratory tests such as blood chemistry, urinalysis, and possibly a kidney biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment.
If you suspect that you may have interstitial nephritis based on your symptoms or risk factors, do not hesitate to contact your doctor for a proper evaluation and appropriate management of your condition.
Hypersensitivity reactions to medications, infections, immunologic diseases, exposure to toxins and heavy metals, and chronic use of certain medicines can cause interstitial nephritis.
The triad of interstitial nephritis includes fever, rash, and eosinophilia (increased eosinophils in the blood). However, not all patients present with this classic triad.
Treatment for interstitial nephritis depends on the underlying cause and severity. It may involve stopping the offending medication, treating the underlying disorder, and using corticosteroids to speed recovery.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, penicillins, sulfa medications, and certain antibiotics are known to cause tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Acute interstitial nephritis can often be cured if the cause is identified and treated promptly. However, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis is generally not curable but can be managed with treatment.
Interstitial nephritis symptoms may include changes in urine output, fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, itchiness, breathing difficulties (in chronic cases), and high blood pressure.
Praga, M., & González, E. (2010). Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney International, 77(11), 956–961. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.89
Moledina, D. G., & Perazella, M. A. (2021). The Challenges of Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Time to Standardize. Kidney360, 2(6), 1051–1055. https://doi.org/10.34067/kid.0001742021
Bhandari, J., Thada, P. K., Rout, P., Leslie, S. W., & Arif, H. (2024, May 19). Tubulointerstitial nephritis. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557537/
Muhammad, A., Zhang, Y., Huang, L., Yuan, Q., Wang, W., Pu, J., Lin, W., Tang, R., & Xiao, X. (2024). The diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis caused by infection versus antibiotic-induced interstitial nephritis: A narrative review. Clinical Kidney Journal, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfae054
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