Ovarian Cysts: Symptoms, Causes, and When to Seek Help

Ovarian cysts are common and often develop without noticeable symptoms. These fluid-filled sacs usually form on the ovaries during ovulation and are typically benign. Most cysts resolve naturally without treatment, but some can cause complications, such as pain or irregular periods. Because of this, early detection and regular monitoring are important for maintaining women’s health. It is important to understand what is ovarian cysts, recognise their symptoms, and know when to seek medical care to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

What is an Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary, most commonly during the menstrual cycle when an egg is released during ovulation. These cysts are typically benign and often go unnoticed, as they usually do not cause symptoms and resolve on their own within a few months. Ovarian cysts can vary in size, ranging from a few millimetres to more than 10 centimetres in diameter. While most are harmless, some may persist, grow, or cause complications such as pelvic pain, bloating, or irregular periods.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

There are several types of ovarian cysts, each with its own characteristics and potential impact on a woman’s health. The most common types of ovarian cysts include:

1. Functional Cysts

Functional cysts are the most common type of ovarian cyst and are related to the menstrual cycle. These cysts form when either the follicle fails to release an egg or the follicle releases the egg but does not shrink as it should. In the first case, a follicular cyst develops, while in the latter, a corpus luteum cyst forms. Functional cysts are usually harmless and typically disappear on their own within a few menstrual cycles. However, in some cases, they may cause mild to moderate pain or discomfort. If a functional cyst grows larger or persists, it may lead to more severe symptoms.

2. Dermoid Cysts

Dermoid cysts are a type of benign ovarian cyst that develops from germ cells. These cysts contain mature tissues such as hair, teeth, and skin elements, including sweat and sebaceous glands. Dermoid cysts form when embryonic tissue becomes abnormally trapped during foetal development, causing a slow-growing sac that may also contain nerves and oily fluid from sweat glands. These cysts are typically non-cancerous and are often detected incidentally during imaging procedures like ultrasounds or MRIs due to their distinctive appearance.

3. Cystadenomas

Cystadenomas are benign ovarian tumours that often grow on the outer surface of the ovary. They can be classified as either serous or mucinous, depending on the type of fluid they contain. Serous cystadenomas are filled with a watery liquid, while mucinous cystadenomas contain a thicker, mucus-like substance. Although most cystadenomas are non-cancerous, there is a possibility that they may become malignant if left untreated or unmonitored. In some cases, ovarian cysts can be associated with a condition called endometriosis, leading to the formation of endometriomas.

4. Endometriomas

Endometriomas are ovarian cysts that develop in women with endometriosis, a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. These cysts are filled with old blood and can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain and irregular menstrual cycles. Endometriomas form when endometrial tissue attaches to the ovary, causing inflammation and the development of a cyst over time. Women with endometriosis may experience a range of ovarian cysts symptoms and should consult with their doctor for appropriate management and treatment options.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Some common ovarian cysts symptoms include:

• Pelvic Pain: Pelvic pain is one of the most common ovarian cysts symptoms, often felt on one side of the lower abdomen. The pain may vary in intensity and can worsen during menstruation, exercise, or sexual intercourse.
• Abdominal Bloating: A feeling of bloating or fullness in the abdomen can occur, particularly if the cyst is large. This may mimic the sensation of weight gain or digestive problems, making it difficult to pinpoint the cause.
• Menstrual Irregularities: Ovarian cysts can disrupt the menstrual cycle, leading to heavier, lighter, or missed periods. Some women may experience spotting or unusual pain before or during their period.
• Pain During Intercourse: Pain during or after sexual intercourse is another possible symptom, especially if the cyst is pressing against nearby organs. This discomfort can be sharp or dull and may occur only during deep penetration.
• Urinary or Bowel Issues: Cysts that press on the bladder or rectum can cause difficulty urinating, frequent urination, or discomfort during bowel movements. Some women may also experience a sense of urgency when trying to relieve themselves.
• Nausea: Hormonal fluctuations caused by ovarian cysts can lead to nausea, which may be similar to the feeling of early pregnancy. This symptom can range from mild discomfort to more severe queasiness, depending on the size or type of cyst.
• Breast Tenderness: Breast tenderness can occur due to the hormonal changes associated with ovarian cysts. Women may experience soreness or sensitivity in the breasts, particularly in the days leading up to their period.

If you experience any of these ovarian cysts symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen over time, it is important to consult your doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can develop due to various reasons, ranging from normal hormonal changes to certain medical conditions. Some common ovarian cyst causes include:

• Hormonal Imbalances: One of the most common ovarian cyst causes is hormonal imbalance. This typically happens during the menstrual cycle, particularly in cases of conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which causes multiple cysts to form due to hormonal fluctuations.
• Ovulation (Functional Cysts): The most common type of ovarian cysts is functional cysts, which develop during ovulation. When the follicle that releases the egg does not break open to release the egg or does not fully shrink after releasing the egg, it can turn into a cyst.
• Endometriosis: Women with endometriosis may develop cysts known as endometriomas. This condition occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of it, often affecting the ovaries and causing the formation of cysts filled with old blood.
• Pregnancy: Pregnancy can cause cysts to form due to hormonal changes that support the growing foetus. A corpus luteum cyst, for example, can form to support the pregnancy and may persist until the end of the first trimester.
• Infections: In some cases, infections that affect the ovaries can cause cysts to develop. These infections can lead to the formation of abscesses or cysts, which may require medical treatment.
• Severe Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): PID, a result of untreated bacterial infections, can also lead to ovarian cyst formation. Chronic inflammation can cause the ovaries to develop cysts or even lead to scarring, which can complicate future ovarian function.

Understanding the ovarian cyst causes can help your doctor determine the best course of treatment and monitoring. While most cysts are harmless and resolve without intervention, certain symptoms may require prompt medical attention to rule out potential complications.

Ovarian Cyst Treatment Options

Treatment for ovarian cysts varies depending on the type, size, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as your overall health and preferences. Here are some common ovarian cyst treatment options:

• Watchful Waiting: In many cases, especially with functional cysts, doctors may recommend monitoring the cyst over time with regular ultrasound scans. Most cysts resolve on their own without any intervention.
• Medication: While there is no specific medication to treat ovarian cysts, your doctor may prescribe pain relievers to manage discomfort. Hormonal treatments, such as birth control pills, can help prevent new cysts from forming and reduce symptoms by stopping ovulation.
• Surgery: Surgery may be recommended for large, persistent, or symptomatic cysts, especially if there is a suspicion of cancer. Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure, is often preferred as it causes less pain and allows for quicker recovery. In some cases, laparotomy (open surgery) may be necessary.
• Lifestyle Changes: Although not a direct ovarian cyst treatment, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall well-being. While there is no specific dietary advice for preventing ovarian cysts, a balanced diet and regular exercise are generally beneficial for health.

It is essential to consult with your doctor to determine the best ovarian cyst treatment plan for your specific situation.

When to Seek Help for Ovarian Cysts?

It is important to consult a doctor if you experience severe abdominal pain, sudden changes in ovarian cysts symptoms, or persistent discomfort. Seeking medical attention is particularly crucial if you have symptoms such as pelvic pain, pressure, or sudden heavy bleeding, as these could indicate a complication like a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion.

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts are a common gynaecological condition, and most are benign and resolve without treatment. However, it is important to be aware of the ovarian cysts symptoms and potential complications. The ovarian cyst treatment options range from watchful waiting and medication to surgical intervention, depending on the nature of the cyst and the individual patient’s situation. If you suspect you may have an ovarian cyst or are experiencing any concerning symptoms, it is crucial to consult your doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Remember, early detection and timely ovarian cyst treatment can help prevent serious complications and ensure the best possible outcome for your reproductive health.

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

References

1. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cyst/
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560541/
3. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ovarian-cysts
4. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001504.htm