Oral

Mouth ulcers, or canker sores, are minor sores that form inside the mouth. They can occur on soft tissues like the gums, tongue, inner cheeks, inner lips, or the roof of the mouth.

Cavities, also known as dental caries, are areas of decay that form in teeth when acids erode the tooth enamel. They can occur on any tooth surface, and according to the WHO’s Global Burden of Disease 2021, untreated tooth cavities in permanent teeth are one of the most common health conditions affecting people of all ages (World Health Organization, 2025). Proper oral hygiene and dental check-ups and professional cleaning when advised can help prevent cavities.

Mouth infections, also known as oral infections, affect the oral cavity, including the gums, teeth, tongue, and other tissues. These infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or mixed infections affecting the teeth, gums, mucosa, tongue, or salivary tissues and can range in severity from mild to severe.

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common dental problem characterised by sharp, temporary pain or discomfort in one or more teeth when exposed to certain stimuli. It occurs when the underlying layer of the teeth, known as dentin, becomes exposed due to factors such as erosion or gum recession. Treatment options vary depending on the severity and cause of the dentin hypersensitivity and may include desensitising toothpaste, fluoride gel, dental bonding, or root canal therapy.

Periodontal (gum) disease is a common dental condition that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It is caused by a buildup of plaque and bacteria, leading to inflammation, infection, and potential tooth loss if left untreated. Symptoms of periodontal disease include red, swollen, and bleeding gums, as well as bad breath and tooth sensitivity.