Hematologic

Haemorrhage means bleeding caused by a damaged blood vessel. This bleeding can happen inside the body (internal) or outside the body (external). The seriousness of a haemorrhage depends on where the bleeding happens and how much blood is lost Bonanno, 2022. It is important to identify and treat bleeding quickly to prevent serious health problems and help with recovery.

Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterised by a low platelet count in the blood, which can increase the risk of bleeding. It can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune disorders, bone marrow diseases, and certain medications. The severity of thrombocytopenia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on platelet count levels.

Anaemia is a common condition characterised by a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood. Anaemia is a major health concern in India and is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, exhibiting a higher prevalence compared to many other developing nations (Jeevan and Karun, 2025). It can cause various symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, and shortness of breath. Anaemia can result from inadequate production, excessive loss, or increased destruction of red blood cells, and requires timely diagnosis and treatment.

Thrombosis is a condition characterised by the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to serious complications. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a type of thrombosis, occurs when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the body, most commonly in the legs. Effective blood clot prevention and treatment are crucial in managing this condition.

Chronic iron overload is a condition in which the body accumulates excessive amounts of iron over time. This can lead to organ damage and potentially life-threatening complications if left untreated. Iron accumulation occurs when the body absorbs more iron than it needs, either through excessive dietary intake, repeated blood transfusions, or genetic mutations that affect iron regulation (such as hereditary haemochromatosis) (Porter et al., 2024).

Blood clotting is the body's way of stopping bleeding when a blood vessel gets injured. It happens when platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in the blood work together to form a clot over the wound. Normally, once the injury heals, the body breaks down the clot on its own. However, sometimes clots can form inside blood vessels without any injury or fail to dissolve properly. This can be dangerous and may require medical treatment to prevent serious health problems.