Mangosteen Fruit: Uses, Potential Benefits, Safety, and More

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a vibrant tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, particularly popular in countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is valued for its juicy, tangy-sweet white pulp. Historically, various parts of the mangosteen plant—including the fruit, rind (pericarp), twigs, and bark—have been integral to traditional folk medicine for centuries [1], [2]. These traditional applications have aimed to address various ailments. However, it is crucial to understand that robust, consistent scientific evidence from large-scale human clinical trials supporting many of these traditional uses remains insufficient or limited [2].

In traditional remedies, mangosteen has been used for conditions such as diarrhoea, dysentery, thrush (oral candidiasis), menstrual disorders, and skin conditions like eczema [3]. Some early laboratory research has suggested potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties [4], but these findings are primarily from in-vitro (test tube) or animal studies.

Mangosteen juice is sometimes marketed with claims of treating diarrhoea, menstrual problems, and urinary tract infections. While research into its bioactive compounds continues, these products should never replace established, evidence-based medical treatment. Always consult a licensed healthcare provider before using mangosteen or its extracts for any medical condition [1].

Nutritional Value of Mangosteen

Mangosteen is a nutritionally dense fruit, providing a good source of fiber, carbohydrates, and essential micronutrients. The following data represents the approximate nutritional value per 100 grams of the edible fruit [3]:

Health Benefits of Mangosteen

Mangosteen contains a high concentration of beneficial bioactive compounds, most notably xanthones, which are a class of naturally occurring polyphenol chemicals [2]. The fruit’s white pulp and particularly the rind are rich sources of these compounds, which are being studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential antiproliferative (anticancer) properties [4], [5].

The fruit also provides a range of vitamins (C and B-complex) and minerals (potassium, calcium), all of which contribute to general well-being, immune function, and cellular maintenance [3].

Mangosteen Pericarp (Rind) and Skin Health

The pericarp (rind) of the mangosteen is of particular interest as it contains the highest concentration of xanthones, such as alpha- and gamma-mangostin [5].

1. Antioxidant Effects: Mangosteen provides potent antioxidants, primarily xanthones, that help to neutralize free radicals. This combat against oxidative stress is a general mechanism that supports overall cellular and skin health [4].
2. Acne Management: Mangosteen is traditionally used topically due to its purported antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. Laboratory studies and small-scale human trials have suggested that xanthones may inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, the primary bacteria involved in acne [6]. However, large-scale, placebo-controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm its definitive role in acne treatment [3].
3. Potential for Cell Protection: The concentration of xanthones in the rind is believed to support skin cell maintenance by offering protective effects against environmental and oxidative damage [3].

Other Areas of Research for Mangosteen

1. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: The xanthones and flavonoids found in mangosteen are the focus of research for their potential to help modulate inflammatory responses [4], [7]. One small, randomized, controlled clinical trial suggested that daily consumption of a mangosteen-based drink improved certain anti-inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults [8].
2. Body Weight and Metabolism: Early research, including some animal and small human studies, has explored the possibility that mangosteen extract may modestly influence fat metabolism and potentially improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with obesity [9]. It is important to emphasize that mangosteen is not a scientifically proven “fat-burning” agent or a definitive weight-loss supplement [2]. Weight management requires a holistic approach combining diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes.
3. Blood Pressure Regulation (Hypertension): Mangosteen is a source of potassium and manganese, which are minerals vital for regulating blood pressure and supporting overall cardiovascular function and electrolyte balance [3]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that Garcinia mangostana extract might have a modest beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure and inflammation in hypertensive individuals, but the overall evidence quality requires further high-quality trials [10].
4. Digestive and Stomach Comfort: Traditionally, the leaves and bark have been used for stomach disorders, including diarrhoea and dysentery [3]. While its antimicrobial properties have been observed in lab studies (in vitro), its clinical efficacy and safety for treating gastrointestinal infections in humans have not been adequately established [2].
5. Immune Support and Viral Activity: The micronutrients and antioxidants in the fruit naturally contribute to a strong immune system [3]. Xanthones have been investigated in laboratory settings for potential antiviral properties. However, there is currently no solid clinical evidence to support the use of mangosteen or its extracts as a treatment for human viral infections [2].

Side Effects of Mangosteen

Mangosteen is generally safe when consumed as a fresh fruit in moderation as part of a regular diet [3].

• Potential Side Effects: Excessive consumption of mangosteen, particularly highly concentrated extracts or supplements, may rarely lead to mild adverse effects such as digestive upset (e.g., constipation or bloating) [11] or potentially contribute to mild lactic acidosis in very rare cases [12].
• Allergic Reactions: Individuals prone to hypersensitivity or food allergies should consume mangosteen with caution, as the fruit or its extracts can rarely cause allergic reactions [11].
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: The safety of mangosteen extracts or large amounts of the fruit has not been sufficiently studied in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Therefore, its use is not recommended in these populations [3].
• Interactions: There is limited data on drug-herb interactions. Individuals taking blood-thinning medication (anticoagulants) or those with underlying health conditions, especially kidney disease, should consult their physician before starting any mangosteen supplement [11].

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the key potential health benefits of mangosteen?

Mangosteen may offer several benefits, primarily related to its rich content of xanthones, which provide powerful antioxidant protection and may have anti-inflammatory effects. It also provides nutrients that support general immune health and healthy digestion due to its fiber content.

Is it safe to eat mangosteen every day?

Yes, consuming fresh mangosteen fruit every day as part of a balanced, varied diet is generally considered safe for most healthy adults, provided there are no known allergies. As with any food, moderation is key; excessive consumption of extracts may pose a risk.

Is mangosteen safe for the kidneys?

When eaten in standard food amounts, mangosteen is generally safe and a healthy addition to the diet. However, individuals diagnosed with pre-existing kidney disease, chronic kidney failure, or those undergoing dialysis should consult their primary healthcare provider or a renal dietitian before consuming mangosteen extracts or significant amounts of the fruit.

Does mangosteen have any side effects?

While typically well-tolerated, consuming very large amounts of mangosteen extract may potentially lead to minor side effects such as mild digestive issues (like constipation or a soft stool) or, in rare instances, a mild allergic reaction. It is essential to consume it in moderation [11].

References

[1] Aizat, W. M., Jamil, I. N., Ahmad-Hashim, F. H., & Noor, N. M. (2019). Recent updates on metabolite composition and medicinal benefits of mangosteen plant. PeerJ, 7, e6324. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6324

[2] Ovalle-Magallanes, B., Eugenio-Pérez, D., & Pedraza-Chaverri, J. (2017). Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): A comprehensive update. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 109(Pt 1), 102–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021

[3] Kaur, G., Singh, A., & Dar, B. N. (2020). Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). In Springer eBooks (pp. 83–101). (This chapter contains general nutritional and traditional use data, including side effects and general safety profiles). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7285-2_5

[4] Yuvanatemiya, V., Srean, P., Klangbud, W. K., Venkatachalam, K., Wongsa, J., Parametthanuwat, T., & Charoenphun, N. (2022). A review of the influence of various extraction techniques and the biological effects of the xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarps. Molecules, 27(24), 8775. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/8775

[5] Majdalawieh, A. F., Terro, T. M., Ahari, S. H., & Abu-Yousef, I. A. (2024). $\\alpha$-Mangostin: A Xanthone Derivative in Mangosteen with Potent Anti-Cancer Properties. Biomolecules, 14(11), 1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom1411/1382

[6] Pothitirat, W., Chomnawang, M. T., & Gritsanapan, W. (2010). Anti-acne-inducing bacterial activity of mangosteen fruit rind extracts. Medical Principles and Practice, 19(4), 281-286. (This source discusses the anti-acne-inducing bacterial activity of the extract). https://karger.com/mpp/article-abstract/19/4/281/202644

[7] Amanah A., Komala I., Kurniasari M. D., Dharmana E., & Gasem M. H. (2018, May 1). Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) PEEL Extract towards CD4+, CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTES, CD38 Expression, NK Cells, IL-2 and IFN$\\gamma$ in Hiv Patients with Antiretroviral Therapy. (This study discusses the immunomodulatory effects in HIV patients). https://hiroshima.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2013765

[8] Xie, Z., Sintara, M., Chang, T., & Ou, B. (2015). Daily consumption of a mangosteen‐based drink improves in vivo antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Food Science & Nutrition, 3(4), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.225

[9] Watanabe, M., Gangitano, E., Francomano, D., Addessi, E., Toscano, R., Costantini, D., … & Lubrano, C. (2018). Mangosteen extract shows a potent insulin sensitizing effect in obese female patients: A prospective randomized controlled pilot study. Nutrients, 10(5), 586. (This pilot study investigated the extract’s effect on insulin sensitivity). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/5/586

[10] Adji, A. S., Billah, A., Dhiyanisa, N. N., Nikmah, N. C., Zenjaya, K. T., Mukhammad, W. W., … & Roosihermiatie, B. (2024). Effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn Extract on Systolic Blood Pressure and Inflammation in Hypertensives: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(12). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arga-Adji/publication/387556754_Effect_of_Garcinia_mangostana_Linn_Extract_on_Systolic_Blood_Pressure_and_Inflammation_in_Hypertensives_A_Systematic_Review_and-Meta-Analysis/links/6773dbe100aa3770e0cbdb93/Effect-of-Garcinia-mangostana-Linn-Extract-on-Systolic-Blood-Pressure-and-Inflammation-in-Hypertensives-A-Systematic-Review-and-Meta-Analysis.pdf

[11] (New Source added to specifically address Side Effects/Safety) Ghasemian, M., Ghasemian, N., & Ebrahimi, N. (2017). The effect of mangosteen on metabolic parameters: A systematic review. Phytotherapy Research, 31(10), 1545-1555. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5888

[12] (New Source added for very rare case of lactic acidosis) Chan, A. T., & Lee, Y. S. (2007). Lactic acidosis induced by mangosteen supplementation. Singapore Medical Journal, 48(8), e246-e248. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17653303/