Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Women: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

Feeling constantly tired, weak, or short of breath? Iron deficiency anaemia may be the cause. This condition occurs when your body lacks enough iron to produce adequate healthy red blood cells, and it affects women far more frequently than men ^[1]. Globally, 40% of all children aged 6–59 months, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 15–49 years of age are affected by anaemia ^[2]. In India, the burden is particularly concerning, with 57% of women aged 15–49 years affected by anaemia ^[3].

Understanding what causes iron deficiency anaemia in women, recognising its symptoms early, and knowing how women can increase their iron levels naturally are essential steps toward better health.

What is iron deficiency anaemia?

Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia. It develops when your body does not have enough iron to make haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your tissues ^[1]. Without sufficient haemoglobin, your organs and muscles receive less oxygen, which can leave you feeling exhausted and weak ^[4].

This condition typically develops gradually. Your body first uses its stored iron reserves, and symptoms may only become noticeable once these stores are significantly depleted ^[5].

What causes iron deficiency anaemia in women?

Several factors make women particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency. Understanding these causes can help you take preventive action.

Iron loss through menstruation

Heavy menstrual periods are among the most common causes of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age ^[4]. Each month, menstrual bleeding results in iron loss. Women who experience heavy or prolonged periods may lose more iron than their diet can replace ^[5].

Increased iron needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Pregnancy significantly increases your body's iron requirements. Your body needs extra iron to support the growing baby, the placenta, and increased blood volume ^[4]. Without adequate iron intake during this period, deficiency can develop quickly ^[5].

Not getting enough iron from food

Dietary insufficiency is a common contributor to iron deficiency ^[5]. Vegetarian and vegan diets, while healthy, may provide less readily absorbed iron compared to diets containing meat ^[6]. Women who restrict food intake or follow unbalanced diets may also be at risk.

Poor absorption of iron

Certain gastrointestinal conditions can reduce your body's ability to absorb iron from food. Conditions affecting the intestines, including coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease, may interfere with nutrient absorption even when dietary intake is adequate ^[5].

Blood loss and underlying health conditions

Beyond menstruation, other sources of blood loss can contribute to iron deficiency. These may include gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers or other conditions ^[5]. Chronic diseases may also affect iron metabolism and utilisation.

Anaemia in Indian women: Why does it remain a major health concern?

Iron deficiency among women in India represents a significant public health challenge. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-2021), 57% of Indian women aged 15 to 49 are anaemic ^[3]. Among pregnant women, the prevalence reaches 52.2% ^[7].

Adolescent girls face an even higher burden, with 61.5% affected. Women with limited education have a prevalence of 59.2% ^[7]. The WHO estimates that approximately 244 million women in the South-East Asia region are affected by anaemia ^[2].

These statistics highlight the urgent need for awareness, screening, and intervention across all age groups.

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia in women?

Iron deficiency anaemia symptoms in women can range from mild to severe and often develop gradually as iron stores deplete.

Early symptoms you may notice

The initial signs of iron deficiency can be subtle and easy to overlook. Common early symptoms include [1, 4]:

• Persistent tiredness and lack of energy
• Shortness of breath during routine activities
• Heart palpitations
• Pale or yellow skin

Signs that iron levels may be severely low

When iron deficiency becomes more pronounced, additional symptoms may develop [1, 2, 6]:

• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Cold hands and feet
• Brittle nails
• Restless legs syndrome
• Unusual cravings for non-food items like ice or dirt

If you experience these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.

How is iron deficiency anaemia diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically begins with your doctor asking about your symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle factors. A simple blood test called a full blood count (FBC) can determine whether your red blood cell count and haemoglobin levels are normal ^[8].

Additional tests may measure your iron stores (serum ferritin) and other markers to confirm iron deficiency ^[6]. Your doctor may also investigate potential underlying causes, particularly if the source of iron loss is not obvious.

How can women increase their iron levels naturally?

Dietary changes can help improve iron status, particularly when combined with strategies that enhance absorption.

Iron-rich foods to include in your diet

Incorporating iron-rich foods into daily meals supports healthy iron levels. Good sources include [6, 9]:

• Wholegrains: Fortified cereals and brown rice
• Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, kidney beans, and soybeans
• Vegetables: Spinach, sweet potatoes, peas and broccoli
• Seeds: Sesame seeds and sunflower seeds
• Meat and poultry: For non-vegetarians, meat, fish and poultry provide highly absorbable heme iron

Foods that improve iron absorption

Vitamin C significantly enhances the absorption of plant-based (non-heme) iron. Consider pairing iron-rich foods with [6, 9]:

• Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons
• Tomatoes
• Red, yellow, and orange bell peppers
• Strawberries

Foods and drinks that may interfere with iron absorption

Certain substances can reduce iron absorption when consumed alongside iron-rich foods. These include ^[6]:

• Tea and coffee, particularly within an hour of meals
• Calcium-rich foods and supplements when taken with iron sources
• Foods high in phytates, such as unsoaked whole grains

What are the treatment options for iron deficiency anaemia?

Treatment depends on the severity of anaemia and its underlying cause.

Iron supplements

Oral iron therapy is typically the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anaemia. Your doctor will prescribe the appropriate type and dosage based on your needs. Common side effects may include stomach upset or constipation ^[5].

A healthcare provider must determine the dosage. Do not self-medicate.

Medical treatments based on the underlying cause

When oral iron is not effective, not tolerated, or when rapid correction is needed, a healthcare provider may recommend intravenous iron therapy ^[5]. Additionally, treating any underlying condition causing blood loss or malabsorption is essential for long-term recovery.

Follow-up and monitoring

Regular blood tests help monitor your response to treatment. Continue oral iron until haemoglobin normalises, typically within 6 to 12 weeks, depending on anaemia severity. After that, continue supplementation for at least 3 months to replenish iron stores ^[5]. Your doctor will advise when to repeat tests and how long to continue treatment.

Read about - Increase Haemoglobin Levels Naturally

How can women prevent iron deficiency anaemia?

Women with heavy menstrual bleeding or during pregnancy should pay particular attention to iron intake and regular screening. In India, Anaemia Mukt Bharat supports prevention through iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation, anaemia screening drives, and treatment services available through public health programmes. Pregnant women can also receive IFA supplements as part of antenatal care ^[10].

Everyday habits that support healthy iron levels

Building these habits can help maintain healthy iron status:

• Include iron-rich foods in your daily diet ^[6]
• Pair plant-based iron sources with vitamin C for better absorption ^[9]
• Avoid drinking tea or coffee with meals ^[6]
• Consider cooking in cast iron cookware, which may add small amounts of iron to food
• Undergo regular health check-ups to catch deficiency early

Prevention during pregnancy and reproductive years

Women with heavy menstrual bleeding or during pregnancy should pay particular attention to iron intake. Screening for iron deficiency is recommended for pregnant women and those with high menstrual blood losses ^[6]. Prenatal vitamins containing iron may be prescribed during pregnancy ^[1].

When should you see a doctor?

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, or other symptoms of anaemia ^[2]. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications.

Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy carries serious risks for both mother and baby, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and other adverse outcomes ^[1]. Pregnant women should attend all scheduled prenatal appointments and report any concerning symptoms promptly.

If you have been treated for anaemia in the past, remain vigilant for returning symptoms, as recurrence is possible without ongoing preventive measures.

Medical Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. The information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating health conditions. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis, treatment, and personalised medical advice. Do not disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it because of information found in this article. If you have a medical emergency, contact your doctor or emergency services immediately.